In people with Type 1 Diabetes, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an integral part of treatment. SMBG can play an important role in improving metabolic control in patients with diabetes. It is recommended for patients treated with insulin and is desirable for all patients with diabetes. Judicious use of SMBG data can help to improve glycemic control, select an anti-diabetic regimen, and provide powerful feedback to patients wishing to improve metabolic control. Among patients with type 1 diabetes, SMBG has been associated with improved health outcomes. Self monitoring of blood glucose is an opportunity for people with diabetes to take control of their health. The main goal of treatment is to keep blood glucose levels in the normal or near-normal range. Monitoring blood glucose levels is one of the best ways of determining how well a diabetes treatment plan is working. Adjusted for age, gender, diabetes duration, year of treatment, insulin regimen, insulin dose, BMI-SDS, and center difference, SMBG frequency was significantly associated with better metabolic control with a drop of HbA1c of 0.20% for one additional SMBG per day. However, some studies showed that increasing the SMBG frequency above 5/d did not result in further improvement of metabolic control. Further, costs associated with SMBG are high and rising steadily due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes and higher rates of self-monitoring. Most experts agree that insulintreated patients should monitor blood glucose at least four times a day, most commonly fasting, before meals, and before bed.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a prevalent chronic disease among children and adolescents, necessitating effective self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels. Understanding the determinants and factors influencing SMBG behavior is crucial for optimizing diabetes management in this population. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of SMBG and identify the determinants influencing factors in children and adolescents with T1DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, and included 275 participants selected through simple random sampling from the Gabric Diabetes Education Association. The inclusion criteria comprised children and adolescents aged 3 - 18 years diagnosed with T1DM for at least 6 months who were using analog or neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) and regular insulin subcutaneously. Patients using insulin pumps were excluded. Data collection involved an online questionnaire covering demographic information (e.g., age, gender, educational status, and parental occupations) as well as clinical information (number of hypoglycemic episodes, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels, diabetes duration, insulin regimen, diabetes complications, glucose monitoring practices, hospitalizations, and behavioral characteristics). Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, correlation tests, and Poisson regressions, were performed using SPSS software (version 21). A significance level of P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The participants had a mean age of 10.00 ± 3.77 years, with 54.2% being males. Most of the participants (87.3%) were schoolchildren, and the mean age of diagnosis was 6.56 ± 3.73 years, with a mean duration of 44.72 ± 36.32 months. Anthropometric investigations revealed mean height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) values of 136.69 ± 21.11 cm, 37.45 ± 15.51 kg, and 18.31 ± 3.55 kg/m 2, respectively. The majority of participants (93.5%) used insulin pens, and the mean daily insulin dosage was 35.34 ± 22.20 IU. Parents reported consistent glucose level monitoring in 64.7% of cases. The mean HbA1c level was 7.91 ± 1.58%. Factors such as the price and availability of glucometer strips influenced glucose level monitoring. In univariate analysis, only age and HbA1C levels showed a negative correlation; however, parents’ consistent checking showed a positive correlation with the frequency of daily, weekly, or monthly glucose checking. Conclusions: This study underscores the significance of SMBG in children and adolescents with T1DM. The findings emphasize the critical role of price and availability of glucometers and strips in achieving standard care for T1DM patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing every year around the world, but only about 30% are taking medication regularly. The main goal of therapy in patients with DM is to normalize insulin activity and blood glucose levels without hypoglycemia to reduce neuropathic complications. Patients with DM must control their blood glucose levels regularly so that the value of blood glucose levels and adherence to treatment which are the main factors in the outcome of therapy are identified. The purpose of this study was to analyze the adherence of patients with DM to medication and monitoring blood glucose levels as part of self-adherence. METHODS: This research is an analytical survey research with a cross-sectional design. The research sites were 5 wound care clinics spread across the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with a period between March to June 2021. The sampling technique was the accidental sampling method based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire and data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate methods. RESULTS: The patients who became respondents in this study were 26 people, 50% men and 50% women. 53. 8% of patients adhered to monitoring blood glucose levels and 65. 4% adhered to treatment. Compliance with monitoring blood glucose levels was associated with medication adherence (P = 0. 018). Age had a relationship with blood glucose level monitoring compliance (P = 0. 047) and medication adherence (P = 0. 015). CONCLUSION: There is a relationship between adherence to monitoring blood glucose levels with medication adherence. Age has a relationship with blood glucose level monitoring and medication adherence.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works